Such breeds are classified as twin-goal (animal meat and you may eggs) types, even when differences in mature human anatomy size exists (Dining table 1)

by Kurt Johnson

Such breeds are classified as twin-goal (animal meat and you may eggs) types, even when differences in mature human anatomy size exists (Dining table 1)

The goal of it job is to review the effect out of reproduce and you may decades on eggs development in addition to egg exterior and you will internal top quality into the five Italian dual-objective breeds , at first and many days later than just earliest days laying hobby one to happened, correspondingly, at the end of summer/beginning of autumn plus cold temperatures, not as much as variable ecological requirements.

dos.1. Animals and you may Rearing Conditions

Four Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you may Robusta Lionata (RL), was believed to your analysis. You lbs regarding adult people try step one.twenty five kilogram into the PP, dos.29 kilogram for the Emergency room and you will step 3.05 kg inside the RM and you can RL. The source is the Veneto area (Italy): PP try a vintage regional reproduce; the resource are old back again to the fresh XIX century, but zero particular research into their genetic origin can be found. The other breeds are designed during the Veneto inside the 1950s: the new Er reproduce arises from Sussex (tinted eggshell breed) and Rhode Area (brownish eggshell breed) breeds, whereas towards RM and you may RL breeds, Brownish Orpington and you can White The united states, a couple brown eggshell types were utilized . As well as the mature pounds, this type of breeds differ within their plumage the color: it’s fantastic from inside the PP, Er suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage is actually predominantly white with black extremities a number of countries of the looks, black colored feathers out of primaries and you may tail and RL suggests a great tawny plumage with black feathers away from primaries and you will tail. All breeds (Contour S1) let you know unmarried comb and you will set tinted eggshell egg (Figure S2).

2. Content and techniques

Wild birds regarding each reproduce hatched at the same time (second half from elizabeth farm of the Centre getting Poultry Biodiversity Conservation on the Veneto part (they regularly offers the new rearing ones types also as for the egg development getting incubation and you may brooding), during the North Italy (45°02?53? N), of hatching towards the pubertal many years and you may in the installing period, hence already been from the prevent from june on the start of autumn (Shape 1), according to reproduce. Serving, rearing criteria (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis measures have been an equivalent on the four types, ever since from hatching into prevent of studied months, that has been within the , during the 53 days old. Brand new newly hatched chicks had been left inside during the very first 4 weeks off life, within a green heat coming down of 32 so you can 24 °C, lower than infra-red rays lighting fixtures, on the litter. In the step 1.5 weeks old, the brand new birds were given free use of outdoor rooms, regarding spring to trip and you can winter season. For every single reproduce (60 hens) got 100 % free accessibility outdoor (5 meters 2 /bird) space (armed with linear drinkers), where the hens existed all the time, and also to interior (4 hens/yards 2 ) area (wood shavings and you will straw litter, having perches and you can rounded feeders), used mainly to own installing eggs (cumulative nests) and at evening; the room (interior and you will backyard) accessible to per breed is actually split up from the netting.

At the outset of installing (around 22 days old into breed that have earlier start of putting), in Sep–Oct, depending on the breed, the brand new photoperiod is actually absolute and coming down, with regards to the season together with geographical position of your own trial channel in North Italy (normally, 12L:12D), and for the next several months (from 38 months old, out of December so you’re able to 53 weeks of age), phony light try gradually enhanced (in the interior space, incandescent light bulb, in the sixty lux) locate a good photoperiod away from 14L:10D. The new photoperiod is regulated by the a timer, therefore was accomplished by turning on the newest light an hour or so in advance of sunrise and you can turning off they one hour just after sundown. New outside ecological temperatures try ten ± 3.4 °C and eleven ± 3.0 °C, respectively, to your basic (right from the start regarding Oct on prevent away from November) therefore the next (from the beginning off January on the avoid off February) putting symptoms, when the studies towards yield results and you may eggs top quality have been collected. The new dogs were given ad libitum commercial nourishes based on its physiological phase datum Finska damer (around three varied commercial feeds inside the expanding months). To the very first putting phase (26–33 days old, lower than decreasing pure photoperiod), when the breeds already been putting, the fresh new wild birds were given a professional pelleted provide (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.8 MJ/kilogram, California = 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you may maize (PG = nine.1%, Me = thirteen.seven MJ/kg), during the a proportion of 1:1. It’s value remembering one to, at this decades, just the dual-mission and you can tinted eggshell types presented an adjustable start of putting and you may egg design speed, while new hens belonging to the almost every other kinds of the new Maintenance Middle to have Biodiversity and you can hatched meanwhile of the studied breeds, including the light eggshell breeds, did not start laying (Padovana reproduce) or it showed an incredibly light putting interest (Polverara breed), never ever achieving the threshold from 10% hen–big date egg creation. The main cause of the option of this new Conservation Hub, not to ever play with a feed getting putting hens through the this period, is actually because of not forcing the brand new pullets so you’re able to eggs production throughout the a season having coming down temperature and you will photoperiod. The fresh new wild birds increased external, below favorable conditions having skeletal fitness, walking on surface and you may significantly less than solar power rays. About back yard each reproduce, the existence of grass accessible to the fresh new wild birds is large through the the newest broadening several months than during the onset of installing, which occurred following summer season, when the rain is actually scarce and you may didn’t allow for an excellent turf regrowth. Out-of 38 in order to 53 weeks of age, and you can less than growing photoperiod, brand new hens were given a commercial pelleted feed to possess putting (PG = 16%, Me = 11.5 MJ/kg, California = 4.2%, P = 0.6%). All of the feeds consisted primarily regarding maize and you will soybean.

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