Contour step 3 represents the container plots of land to have Set 3

by Kurt Johnson

Contour step 3 represents the container plots of land to have Set 3

An average get was 1.478 throughout the plosive reputation, step one.forty five from the fricative standing, 1.707 on nasal standing, and you may 1.942 from the h2o standing. The lowest point for the Table step 3 summarises the results from modeling regarding Lay 3. This new standard is actually the fricative reputation, and we opposed the new plosive against. fricative criteria, the fresh nose vs. fricative requirements, as well as the drinking water against. fricative conditions. Earliest, the essential difference between this new plosive and you can fricative criteria wasn’t credible, since the 95% CI of coefficient imagine provided zero [?0.06, 0.09]. Second, new nasal compared to. fricative and you can liquids compared to. fricative reviews showed that each of the fresh new coefficient skilsmГ¤ssofrekvens fГ¶r postorderbrudar quotes were self-confident (? = 0.16) (nasal) and you can (? = 0.3) (liquid) and all of the 95% CIs don’t become no ([0.09, 0.24] (nasal) and you may [0.23, 0.38] (liquid)), and thus suggesting you to definitely nonce conditions with nasals and you can liquids was evaluated become a lot more kawaii brands as opposed to those with fricatives.

Talk

The modern study indicated that (1) labial consonants are more likely to end up being from the kawaii than coronal and you will dorsal consonants, (2) high-regularity consonants are more inclined to become for the kawaii than just low-regularity consonants, and you may (3) liquids /?/ and nasal /n/ will become of the kawaii than just fricative /z/ (and you may plosive /d/). These overall performance advise that the spot-of-articulation ability in the kawaii was [labial], together with volume element of the kawaii are [high frequency]. The way-of-articulation element requires further conversation. Due to the fact consonant indicating the best mediocre get are water /?/, we can assume the manner-of-articulation function of the kawaii was [liquid]. Although not, given that Bayesian research demonstrated, nose /n/ is more likely to be associated with kawaii than simply fricative /z/. Ergo, we could stop you to liquid and you can nasals, each of that are [sonorant], was from the kawaii.

General discussion

This study showed that the features of consonants associated with kawaii in Japanese are [labial], [high frequency], and [sonorant]. The motivations for the three features are briefly discussed below. The feature [labial] may be linked to a pouting gesture, that is, a gesture made using both lips can induce Japanese people to feel kawaii (Kumagai, 2020). The feature [labial] may also be linked to the image of babies, in that bilabial consonants are more frequent in the earlier phases of language acquisition (Kumagai and Kawahara, 2020). Thus, it can be said that consonants with feature [labial] can evoke the image of babies, at least in Japanese. The feature [high frequency] may stem from shortness, as the frequency code hypothesis states that high-frequency sounds are associated with smallness (Ohala, 1984, 1994). The feature [sonorant] may be connected to a number of observations on sound symbolic effects in names and shapes. Sonorants are better suited for female names or rounded shapes (Shinohara and Kawahara, 2013; Asano et al., 2015). To summarise, the factors associated with kawaii may include pouting gesture, babyishness, smallness, femininity, and roundness. It is interesting that some of these factors overlap with the factors noted by Kinsella (1995) for cute characters. She noted that ‘The essential anatomy of a cute cartoon character consists in its being small, soft, infantile, mammalian, round, without bodily appendages (e.g., arms), without bodily orifices (e.g., mouths), non-sexual, mute, insecure, helpless or bewildered’. (p. 226; emphasis mine). Taking the fact into consideration that Kinsella (1995) was published more than 25 years ago, it is inferred that something that evokes kawaii in the minds of Japanese speakers has not changed for at least 25 years.

As noted in the introduction section, it is well known that sound symbolism plays an important role in ; Klink and Wu, 2014). The exploration of what consonants are better suited for kawaii names is an interesting topic. Based on the above discussion, it is inferred that the consonants that induce the feeling of kawaii among Japanese people include /p/, /?/, and /m/, as the first consonant /p/ is specified with [labial] and [high frequency], the second consonant /?/ with [sonorant], and the third consonant /m/ with [labial] and [sonorant]. Based on his kawaii judgment experiment with Japanese speakers, Kumagai (2019) discusses whether /m/, in addition to /p/, is another consonant expressive of kawaii in Japanese, since his study results demonstrated that fewest differences existed regarding average scores between nonce words with /p/ and those with /m/. In Japanese words or character names that seem to be associated with kawaii, we find examples that contain /p/, /?/, or /m/. For example, a mimetic word, or onomatopoeia, purupuru, is used to express something soft or something that trembles like jelly. We also find a cute character name pomupomu purin ‘Pom Pom Purin’, created by Sanrio. Moreover, Kawahara (2019) reported that bilabial consonants and /?/ are often used in girls’ names in a popular Japanese anime PreCure, broadcast since 2004. It is expected that these consonants will prove applicable in naming anime characters or products that are characterised by kawaii.

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